Class Gaps Poll: Online Appendix

Systematic toplines, subgroup cross-tabulations, and sample composition for the Abbott–Williams Class Gaps Poll. Support percentages are survey-weighted and show support for the progressive stance on each question.

Overview

5,770U.S. adults

±1.4%full-sample MOE

This appendix accompanies the report The Left’s Coalition Crisis: Understanding the Massive Divide Between Working Class and College Educated Voters, and How to Bridge It. For every survey question it reports the weighted share holding the progressive position, broken out by eight dimensions: class group, party ID, race/ethnicity, education, household income, gender, age, and 2024 presidential vote—plus a race×class crossing (White/Black/Latino/POC each split into working-class vs. liberal-college-grad respondents). The two class groups that anchor the report are Working class (middle 50% of income and no four-year degree; n = 1,704) and Liberal college graduates (Democratic-leaning, BA+, top income quartile; n = 617).

How to read the heat tables. Each cell is the weighted % choosing the progressive/supportive response, shaded from pale to teal. Hover a cell for its unweighted n; hover a column header for the full subgroup name. Tables scroll horizontally. “–” = subgroup too small / not estimable.

0%100% support

Methodology

Field dates: January 29–February 17, 2026. Fielded By: Verasight. Mode: online panel.
Sample: 5,770 U.S. adults—a 4,420 nationally representative base plus oversamples of 650 Black, 400 Hispanic/Latino, and 300 high-income adults.
Weighting: raked to December 2025 CPS targets (age, race/ethnicity, sex, income, education, region, metro status), Pew NPORS partisanship, and 2024 presidential vote. Weight range 0.27–3.82 (mean 1.00).
Full-sample margin of error: ±1.4% (design-effect adjusted).
Coding: each question is scored for the share of respondents taking the progressive/supportive position, using a response scale appropriate to that question. “Don’t know” answers are kept in the denominator, so every percentage is a share of everyone who was asked the question, not only those who gave an opinion.
Framing experiment: most questions—the issue batteries and the baseline battery alike—were randomized so that each respondent saw one of two wordings: a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing (for the baseline items, the established national-survey wording). Both wordings, and how support differed between them, are shown in the “different wordings tested” panel under each table. Every percentage outside those panels pools the two wordings together.
Question wording: every question links to its full verbatim text—and every wording version it was tested in—in the Question wording section below.

Sample & weighting

Unweighted counts and weighted shares for the realized sample. The oversamples make the unweighted race/income composition non-representative by design; the weighted column restores population proportions.

Sample component

Sample component	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
US Adult	4,420	76.6%
Black	650	11.3%
Latino/Hispanic	400	6.9%
High Income	300	5.2%

Party ID

Party ID	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
Democrats	2,061	29.9%
Independents	1,516	28.0%
Republicans	1,557	30.6%

Race / ethnicity

Race / ethnicity	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
White (non-Hisp.)	2,839	59.4%
Black (non-Hisp.)	1,159	12.1%
Hispanic/Latino	1,333	18.7%
Asian (non-Hisp.)	217	4.9%
Other / multiple	222	4.9%

Education

Education	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
HS or less	1,724	37.1%
Some college / Assoc.	1,785	26.3%
Bachelor's degree	1,413	22.8%
Postgraduate degree	848	13.7%

Household income

Household income	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
Under $50k	1,951	28.0%
$50k-$100k	2,118	41.2%
$100k-$150k	947	17.4%
$150k+	743	13.2%

Gender

Gender	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
Women	3,181	51.0%
Men	2,549	48.3%

Age

Age	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
18-29	826	19.7%
30-44	1,637	24.5%
45-64	2,088	32.0%
65+	1,208	23.5%

2024 vote

2024 vote	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
Harris '24	2,452	37.2%
Trump '24	1,954	38.4%
Other cand.	266	4.5%
Did not vote / NA	1,098	19.9%

Region

Region	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
Northeast	1,054	17.2%
Midwest	1,091	20.2%
South	2,218	38.5%
West	1,357	23.3%

Metro status

Metro status	n (unwtd)	Weighted %
Metropolitan	5,063	85.5%
Non-metro	656	13.6%

Age (mean years)

Age (mean years)	n (unwtd)	mean
Mean	5,759	48.1

Immigration

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q40 Trump gone too far	61	56	96	91	66	26	54	74	72	57	56	61	64	69	62	59	61	66	64	57	71	63	59	54	93	26	74	65	47	98	76	93	74	96	75	95
Q41 Biden vs Trump immigration	40	36	78	77	36	8	33	58	46	38	35	39	44	48	39	38	42	46	43	36	48	41	37	36	77	6	30	37	28	81	57	82	46	80	51	81
Q42 Open doors to immigrants	56	52	84	80	57	32	50	62	67	57	51	54	60	62	54	54	60	59	56	55	66	57	52	52	80	32	61	53	45	86	62	76	68	86	65	82
Q43 Immigration helps economy	55	49	89	77	57	35	51	53	64	51	45	55	64	67	47	55	61	63	52	58	61	53	52	56	80	35	55	45	45	92	53	78	61	91	57	86
Q44 Secure borders + legal status	66	61	92	84	68	50	64	68	73	61	60	66	73	74	63	65	71	73	66	66	70	66	66	65	85	50	70	63	58	94	69	85	70	93	70	90
Q45 Legal status for long-term immigrants	65	61	92	86	67	42	60	69	74	61	58	65	70	72	63	63	67	70	65	64	72	66	61	62	87	43	71	62	55	96	69	84	75	92	72	89
Q46 Rein in/abolish ICE	56	53	86	84	57	26	49	68	67	56	53	56	58	58	57	54	56	57	59	52	66	59	52	48	85	26	62	58	46	86	70	86	68	88	69	87

The different wordings each Immigration question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q40 No frame	Trump gone too far	61	56	96	40
Q41 No frame	Biden vs Trump immigration	40	36	78	42
Q42 NOT WC-RESONANT	Open doors: Human rights imperative	64	61	91	31
Q42 WC-RESONANT	Open doors: Working-class faith-and-family	47	44	77	33
Q43 NOT WC-RESONANT	Immigration economy: Raises GDP	55	49	90	41
Q43 WC-RESONANT	Immigration economy: Workers needed (mentions wage hurt)	55	49	89	40
Q44 NOT WC-RESONANT 1	Secure borders + legal status (PME1)	65	59	88	29
Q44 NOT WC-RESONANT 2	Secure borders + legal status (PME2)	65	56	93	36
Q44 WC-RESONANT	Secure borders + legal status (WC)	68	65	93	28
Q45 NOT WC-RESONANT 1	Legal status for long-term immigrants (PME1)	57	48	93	45
Q45 NOT WC-RESONANT 2	Legal status for long-term immigrants (PME2)	59	53	92	39
Q45 WC-RESONANT	Legal status for long-term immigrants (WC)	71	70	92	22
Q46 NOT WC-RESONANT	ICE: Abolish (terrorizing communities)	49	47	76	29
Q46 WC-RESONANT	ICE: Rein in (arresting hardworking immigrants)	62	59	95	35

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

LGBTQ+ Rights

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q26 LGBT job/housing protection	58	54	87	77	61	38	57	56	61	53	51	58	64	67	53	57	63	66	61	55	66	57	56	56	80	39	64	53	53	90	49	71	61	88	56	81
Q27 Gay/lesbian adoption	64	60	92	83	69	41	63	60	66	56	58	63	69	71	60	62	67	72	67	59	68	64	61	62	86	42	69	61	58	96	59	74	68	92	64	85
Q28 Trans ID recognition	45	40	80	71	45	19	41	47	51	40	39	43	50	52	43	43	47	49	46	42	58	45	40	39	72	19	44	43	36	84	45	64	50	81	48	74
Q29 Trans girls in sports	27	25	47	47	25	12	24	31	33	27	25	28	30	29	28	26	29	27	29	25	40	30	22	21	44	12	25	26	22	49	32	38	29	46	30	43

The different wordings each LGBTQ+ Rights question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q26 NOT WC-RESONANT	Strengthen LGBTQIA+ civil rights	60	58	93	34
Q26 WC-RESONANT	Illegal to fire/evict transgender	56	49	82	33
Q26-alt NOT WC-RESONANT	Gender-affirming care: Allow for minors (oppose prohibition)	39	39	47	7
Q26-alt WC-RESONANT	Gender-affirming care: Parents decide (oppose govt ban)	50	50	64	14
Q27 NOT WC-RESONANT	Full family equality	60	58	92	35
Q27 WC-RESONANT	Gay/lesbian couples adopt	67	61	92	31
Q28 NOT WC-RESONANT	Trans ID: autonomy/dignity	42	37	75	38
Q28 WC-RESONANT	Trans ID: work/travel	47	43	84	41
Q29 NOT WC-RESONANT	Full inclusion/equality/dignity	29	28	50	22
Q29 WC-RESONANT	Coaches/families decide trans girls	25	22	44	23

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Guns

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q36 Universal background checks	82	80	95	90	82	77	83	77	82	74	76	83	86	87	76	82	86	86	84	80	78	77	83	88	92	77	78	72	80	97	79	88	82	96	81	93
Q37 Ban high-capacity magazines	63	59	89	81	66	46	62	61	68	52	57	62	68	73	60	63	65	68	68	58	64	59	63	67	83	46	64	58	57	92	57	83	70	88	64	86
Q38 Red flag laws	82	80	95	89	84	79	84	77	81	74	75	84	88	90	78	82	85	89	82	82	76	76	84	91	91	79	83	72	80	97	80	92	82	96	81	94
Q39 Assault weapons ban	59	55	86	77	59	44	59	57	62	49	53	57	64	69	56	58	61	65	63	54	60	55	59	63	80	43	57	53	54	89	56	80	61	84	58	83

The different wordings each Guns question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q36 NOT WC-RESONANT	Background checks: Address public health crisis	83	81	95	15
Q36 WC-RESONANT	Background checks: Protect families from violence	80	79	94	16
Q37 NOT WC-RESONANT	Ban high-cap mags: Semi-auto rifle massacres	62	56	90	35
Q37 WC-RESONANT	Ban high-cap mags: Mass shootings in schools	64	62	88	26
Q38 NOT WC-RESONANT	Red flag: Courts remove guns from dangerous	83	79	96	17
Q38 WC-RESONANT	Red flag: Courts take guns from threats	81	81	94	13
Q39 NOT WC-RESONANT	Assault weapons ban: Confront toxic gun culture	60	57	91	33
Q39 WC-RESONANT	Assault weapons ban: Prohibit military-style rifles	59	54	81	27

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Abortion

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q57 Abortion access (any reason)	59	56	89	84	61	32	54	64	65	56	53	60	62	64	57	57	59	66	62	55	66	61	56	54	85	33	57	59	50	91	66	76	66	91	66	85
Q58 Abortion up to 15 weeks	56	53	72	72	59	38	53	59	60	50	51	58	57	60	54	54	59	60	58	54	57	55	55	56	74	39	55	54	51	73	61	69	58	80	59	76

The different wordings each Abortion question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q57 NOT WC-RESONANT	Abortion any reason: Access for any reason	53	50	85	34
Q57 WC-RESONANT	Abortion any reason: Safe/legal, women decide	64	61	93	32
Q58 NOT WC-RESONANT 1	Abortion up to 15 weeks (PME1)	52	53	71	18
Q58 NOT WC-RESONANT 2	Abortion up to 15 weeks (PME2)	52	48	71	22
Q58 WC-RESONANT 1	Abortion up to 15 weeks (WC1)	58	55	70	14
Q58 WC-RESONANT 2	Abortion up to 15 weeks (WC2)	60	56	79	23

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Environment

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q30 100% clean energy by 2050	57	54	87	82	59	32	52	68	65	55	54	59	59	62	59	56	57	59	59	55	68	61	54	50	82	32	60	60	47	90	70	87	64	88	67	87
Q31 Modern energy system	66	63	88	79	67	55	64	66	71	64	60	69	69	72	62	66	69	73	63	69	67	66	66	65	80	55	68	61	60	89	71	86	71	90	71	88
Q32 Clean energy (China framing)	69	66	88	81	71	59	67	68	72	70	62	72	73	76	64	69	72	76	66	72	69	66	69	72	83	59	67	63	63	90	70	83	72	91	71	88
Q33 Clean power investments	68	65	94	85	71	50	65	71	74	66	61	71	72	76	64	69	70	73	68	68	71	69	68	66	88	50	70	66	60	97	73	85	77	94	75	90
Q34 Prioritize marginalized/coal communities	52	49	76	69	51	40	49	57	58	53	45	55	56	61	47	53	54	60	49	56	57	53	50	51	69	40	60	43	44	78	62	73	59	82	60	78
Q35 Rein in Big Oil	61	56	91	79	63	44	59	56	63	63	52	64	68	67	54	61	66	68	59	62	62	59	60	63	81	45	63	52	55	95	58	79	60	92	59	87
Q59 Clean grid + nuclear + carbon capture	60	55	81	72	63	49	59	56	62	57	50	62	67	69	52	60	65	70	52	68	61	58	58	63	74	51	63	51	54	82	58	82	59	80	58	81
Q60 Wind/solar grid	61	57	91	83	63	39	57	65	68	62	56	61	63	69	60	60	61	65	61	61	67	63	59	57	84	38	65	60	52	94	67	80	67	91	67	86

The different wordings each Environment question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q30 NOT WC-RESONANT	100% clean energy 2050: Eliminate fossil fuels	55	51	86	35
Q30 WC-RESONANT	100% clean energy 2050: Replace dirty fuels	60	57	88	31
Q31 NOT WC-RESONANT	Modern energy: Limit global warming threat	57	51	87	36
Q31 WC-RESONANT	Modern energy: Cut costs + good-paying jobs	75	75	90	15
Q32 NOT WC-RESONANT	Modern energy: Beat China in technology	59	55	86	31
Q32 WC-RESONANT	Modern energy: Cut costs + beat China	79	76	90	14
Q33 NOT WC-RESONANT	Clean power: Energy efficiency investments	62	59	93	33
Q33 WC-RESONANT	Clean power: Cut utility bills + create jobs	74	71	95	24
Q34 NOT WC-RESONANT	Prioritize: Marginalized/Black/brown communities	42	37	72	34
Q34 WC-RESONANT	Prioritize: Coal country + working-class communities	62	61	81	20
Q35 NOT WC-RESONANT	Climate action: Stop Big Oil externalizing costs	57	50	91	41
Q35 WC-RESONANT	Climate action: Rein in corporate profiteers	65	62	91	29
Q59 NOT WC-RESONANT	Clean grid + nuclear + carbon capture (PME)	61	55	90	35
Q59 WC-RESONANT	Clean grid + nuclear + carbon capture (WC)	59	55	72	17
Q60 NOT WC-RESONANT	Wind/solar grid (PME)	60	54	90	36
Q60 WC-RESONANT	Wind/solar grid (WC)	62	59	92	33

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Care Economy

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q54 Affordable childcare	69	69	91	86	68	54	65	75	75	66	67	70	69	71	71	68	68	68	71	66	70	72	69	64	85	53	63	69	64	91	80	93	78	92	79	93
Q55 Universal pre-K	70	69	90	86	70	57	66	74	77	68	66	72	71	73	68	70	72	70	71	68	69	72	69	69	86	56	70	66	66	91	77	86	80	95	78	91
Q56 Child tax credit	74	76	86	85	74	67	73	77	78	72	73	76	74	76	74	74	74	75	75	73	76	78	73	72	84	66	73	72	73	88	80	87	82	84	81	85

The different wordings each Care Economy question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q54 NOT WC-RESONANT	Childcare: Universal subsidized system	56	55	85	30
Q54 WC-RESONANT	Childcare: Affordable high-quality access	81	83	96	13
Q55 NOT WC-RESONANT	Pre-K: Universal	64	63	86	23
Q55 WC-RESONANT	Pre-K: Help kids succeed + parents work	75	76	93	17
Q56 NOT WC-RESONANT	Child tax credit: $8000 refundable	73	73	83	10
Q56 WC-RESONANT	Child tax credit: Help hardworking families	76	79	89	10

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Public Safety

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q47 More police in high-crime areas	83	82	87	85	85	84	85	76	82	78	79	84	85	89	80	82	88	85	81	86	74	79	87	90	86	84	83	75	84	90	79	74	83	88	81	82
Q48 Targeted police + violence interrupters	65	64	76	70	66	63	65	61	66	62	58	67	69	70	60	65	69	68	60	69	56	61	67	72	72	64	64	53	62	79	70	70	69	78	69	74
Q49 Mental health responders (not police)	61	60	82	80	61	42	56	70	69	62	61	62	61	60	65	60	59	59	66	56	70	66	60	51	80	41	64	63	56	83	70	82	69	89	69	86

The different wordings each Public Safety question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q47 WC-RESONANT	More police in high-crime areas (WC)	83	82	87	5
Q48 NOT WC-RESONANT	Violence prevention: Police + community programs	62	62	75	13
Q48 WC-RESONANT	Violence prevention: Focus on small group causing most shootings	68	66	77	12
Q49 NOT WC-RESONANT	Mental health: Shift funding from police	55	53	74	21
Q49 WC-RESONANT	Mental health: Send specialists not police	68	67	90	23

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Democracy

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q50 Trump authoritarian/above law	58	54	96	88	64	23	52	69	67	57	52	58	63	67	58	56	60	63	60	56	70	59	55	52	92	24	70	59	45	98	70	94	69	99	69	97
Q51 Trump ignores limits on power	60	56	96	88	66	26	54	72	68	59	54	60	65	68	59	59	62	64	62	58	72	60	58	53	92	27	73	60	47	98	75	85	70	97	72	92
Q52 Trump uses govt against critics	58	53	94	86	62	26	52	66	66	54	51	58	63	67	56	56	62	62	58	57	68	58	56	53	90	25	74	57	46	95	66	84	68	97	67	92
Q53 Trump ignores democratic rules	60	56	94	90	66	27	54	73	68	58	56	60	63	68	60	59	61	65	62	58	70	62	58	53	93	28	69	61	48	96	73	96	70	94	71	95

The different wordings each Democracy question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q50 NOT WC-RESONANT	Trump: Authoritarian above the law	57	52	96	43
Q50 WC-RESONANT	Trump: Puts himself above the law	60	55	96	41
Q51 NOT WC-RESONANT	Trump: Disregard for presidential power limits	58	53	95	42
Q51 WC-RESONANT	Trump: Ignores limits on power	62	59	96	37
Q52 NOT WC-RESONANT	Trump: Uses state power against critics	58	52	95	43
Q52 WC-RESONANT	Trump: Uses govt against critics	57	53	92	39
Q53 NOT WC-RESONANT	Trump: Ignores democratic rules	61	55	95	41
Q53 WC-RESONANT	Trump: Ignores rules (economic harms)	59	58	93	35

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording.

Baseline (ANES/CES/GSS-style)

The baseline battery is a set of standard policy questions drawn from long-running national surveys (the American National Election Studies, the Cooperative Election Study, and the General Social Survey). They serve two purposes: they benchmark this sample against well-known national results, and they provide the plain-wording comparison point for the working-class framing experiments used elsewhere in the survey. Most of them were also randomized, exactly like the issue batteries: each respondent saw either the established national-survey wording or a working-class-resonant rewrite. The percentages below pool both wordings; the established-wording percentage on its own, and how far the rewrite moved it, are in the panel underneath the table.

Question (progressive-coded % support)	Overall	Class		Party ID			Race / ethnicity				Education				Household income				Gender		Age				2024 vote				Race × class
Question (progressive-coded % support)	All	WC	LCG	Dem	Ind	Rep	White	Black	Hisp.	Other	≤HS	Some col.	BA	Postgrad	<$50k	$50-100k	$100-150k	$150k+	Women	Men	18-29	30-44	45-64	65+	Harris	Trump	Other	None	White WC	White Elite	Black WC	Black Elite	Latino WC	Latino Elite	POC WC	POC Elite
Q1 LGBT job discrimination	65	62	88	78	69	49	65	61	65	59	58	64	70	73	60	64	67	71	67	62	69	66	62	62	81	50	68	60	61	90	62	72	64	89	63	82
Q2 Gay adoption	66	62	92	84	70	44	66	61	69	54	61	66	70	72	63	63	70	75	70	61	71	70	63	62	87	45	70	65	61	95	60	69	70	90	65	81
Q3 Trans athletes (oppose ban)	31	31	41	41	27	28	32	28	31	33	29	32	32	34	29	31	35	31	31	31	36	31	28	32	40	26	28	27	33	44	28	30	28	44	28	38
Q5 Environmental regulation	64	62	92	80	66	47	63	64	66	58	60	65	67	68	62	63	65	68	66	62	65	63	65	62	84	46	71	61	60	96	63	81	68	88	66	85
Q6 Background checks	89	89	98	94	91	86	91	84	88	83	85	90	92	93	86	90	92	92	92	86	84	87	91	94	95	86	88	84	90	98	86	93	90	99	88	97
Q7 Assault rifle ban	56	52	85	77	56	38	54	57	59	42	50	54	60	66	53	54	58	61	61	49	56	51	56	60	78	37	52	48	51	87	53	81	57	84	55	83
Q8 Police permit for guns	59	57	79	74	58	49	57	59	64	49	54	58	64	68	54	60	62	64	61	57	54	55	59	67	74	48	54	54	54	81	58	70	65	86	62	80
Q9 Path to citizenship	64	63	89	82	66	46	61	62	75	62	58	66	70	70	60	64	69	68	66	62	72	64	62	62	85	46	70	60	58	94	67	77	75	94	71	87
Q10 Border security (oppose)	25	21	48	44	24	5	21	28	32	29	20	25	28	30	22	24	28	27	26	23	35	28	21	18	45	5	33	24	17	51	26	51	30	56	28	54
Q12 Paid parental leave	81	82	94	92	82	71	79	84	85	78	80	83	84	79	82	82	80	81	84	78	82	85	82	76	92	72	79	80	80	95	86	92	88	97	87	95
Q13 Raise minimum wage	66	71	83	86	66	44	61	81	72	63	71	67	58	62	74	65	60	58	71	60	66	70	68	58	85	44	58	73	66	86	86	82	76	84	81	83
Q14 Infrastructure spending	77	75	91	83	77	76	79	70	74	73	69	80	82	84	70	78	81	83	70	84	70	72	79	85	84	77	74	65	77	92	73	87	73	90	73	89
Q16 Free trade (oppose)	26	27	25	21	26	35	31	18	19	24	21	29	29	28	21	27	31	26	23	30	17	22	29	34	22	35	28	16	32	26	19	28	16	28	17	28
Q18 Tax millionaires	73	74	95	89	74	58	72	73	76	67	70	75	74	74	72	75	72	69	74	72	73	72	74	72	91	56	74	71	73	96	76	81	80	96	78	90
Q20 Expand Medicaid	74	76	92	89	74	59	70	85	83	72	77	76	72	68	81	74	68	70	77	71	77	80	77	62	88	57	72	82	71	93	89	93	84	96	86	95
Q21 Corporate tax	60	59	86	79	63	41	58	62	63	57	57	62	61	63	60	59	62	60	61	59	59	62	61	57	81	41	60	57	57	90	66	76	63	85	65	82
Q23 Medical bill help	65	67	79	84	64	46	57	81	77	69	70	67	61	57	74	65	58	56	68	62	76	73	64	50	80	46	61	76	60	78	83	79	79	82	80	81
Q24 Social Security spending	71	75	77	80	68	68	71	74	72	70	72	75	69	66	73	73	69	64	69	73	60	67	76	79	78	68	68	66	76	79	75	82	70	82	72	82
Q25 Universal basic income	53	56	58	68	53	36	44	74	67	62	62	54	46	39	67	51	43	43	57	49	63	65	53	33	63	37	46	69	48	56	76	72	68	66	72	68

The different wordings each baseline question was tested in—working-class-resonant vs. not working-class-resonant framing (click to expand)

Q / wording	Wording (short)	All	WC	LCG	Gap
Q1 NOT WC-RESONANT	LGBT job protections: Against job discrimination	67	66	92	25
Q1 WC-RESONANT	LGBT job protections: Can't fire someone who does their job well	62	58	85	27
Q2 NOT WC-RESONANT	Gay adoption: Legally permitted to adopt	64	60	90	30
Q2 WC-RESONANT	Gay adoption: Couples who provide a stable, loving home	67	65	93	29
Q3 NOT WC-RESONANT	Trans girls in sports: Ban them from K-12 girls' sports	22	20	34	14
Q3 WC-RESONANT	Trans girls in sports: Government overrules parents and coaches	41	43	48	5
Q5 NOT WC-RESONANT	Environmental rules: Tougher regulations on business	59	57	91	34
Q5 WC-RESONANT	Environmental rules: Protect health and homes from corporate polluters	69	67	94	27
Q6 NOT WC-RESONANT	Background checks: For gun purchases	90	89	98	9
Q6 WC-RESONANT	Background checks: Keep guns from criminals, families stay safe	89	89	97	8
Q7 NOT WC-RESONANT	Assault rifles: Ban assault rifles	54	51	86	35
Q7 WC-RESONANT	Assault rifles: Ban military-style, keep hunting and home-defense guns	57	52	83	31
Q8 NOT WC-RESONANT	Police permit: Required before buying a gun	53	50	74	24
Q8 WC-RESONANT	Police permit: Keeps guns from criminals and abusers, hunters unaffected	64	63	82	20
Q9 No frame	Path to citizenship: Obey the law, pay a fine, pass security checks	64	63	89	27
Q10 No frame	Border security spending: Increased, decreased, or kept the same	25	21	48	27
Q12 NOT WC-RESONANT	Paid parental leave: Employers must offer leave to new parents	80	81	93	12
Q12 WC-RESONANT	Paid parental leave: Care for a newborn without losing your paycheck	83	83	96	12
Q13 NOT WC-RESONANT	Minimum wage: Raised, kept the same, lowered, or eliminated	63	69	78	9
Q13 WC-RESONANT	Minimum wage: Raised so full-time work covers rent and groceries	69	72	88	16
Q14 NOT WC-RESONANT	Infrastructure: $150bn/yr for roads, rail, water, broadband, the grid	–	–	–	–
Q14 WC-RESONANT	Infrastructure: $150bn/yr, good-paying jobs and safer communities	–	–	–	–
Q16 NOT WC-RESONANT	Free trade: Free trade agreements	6	5	3	-2
Q16 WC-RESONANT	Free trade: Agreements that move jobs overseas	47	49	47	-2
Q18 NOT WC-RESONANT	Tax millionaires: Raise income taxes over $1 million	72	73	93	20
Q18 WC-RESONANT	Tax millionaires: Funds Social Security, highways, the military	74	76	96	21
Q20 NOT WC-RESONANT	Medicaid: Cover individuals under $25k, families under $40k	73	76	90	15
Q20 WC-RESONANT	Medicaid: Low-income workers covered without going into debt	75	77	94	16
Q21 NOT WC-RESONANT	Corporate tax: Raise the rate from 21 percent to 28 percent	49	48	76	28
Q21 WC-RESONANT	Corporate tax: Big corporations contribute more to public services	71	71	96	25
Q23 NOT WC-RESONANT	Medical bills: Federal responsibility to help pay doctors and hospitals	58	59	74	15
Q23 WC-RESONANT	Medical bills: Help so people don't go bankrupt	72	74	84	10
Q24 NOT WC-RESONANT	Social Security: Spending increased, kept the same, or decreased	70	74	75	1
Q24 WC-RESONANT	Social Security: Which working people pay into and retirees rely on	72	75	79	4
Q25 NOT WC-RESONANT	Guaranteed income: $1,000/month whether or not you work	46	50	48	-1
Q25 WC-RESONANT	Guaranteed income: $1,000/month for families hit by offshoring or AI	60	62	67	5

Most questions were asked in more than one wording (a “framing” experiment): each respondent saw one version at random—a working-class-resonant framing or a not working-class-resonant framing, which for these items is the established wording used by the national surveys they come from—so we can see which wins more support. Each row is one wording version; the percentage is the weighted share supporting it, so the pooled percentages in the table above sit between the two. Gap = liberal college graduates − working class. Click a question number for the full text of each wording. One item (Q14, infrastructure spending) was fielded in both wordings, but the dataset does not record which version each respondent saw, so its two arms cannot be separated (–); its pooled percentage is in the table above.

Policy priorities (pairwise)

Each respondent saw 10 random pairs from 30 priorities and picked the more important one. Values are the share of head-to-head match-ups each priority won (higher = more prioritized).

Policy priority	All	Working class	Lib. college grads	WC−LCG
Ensuring that basics—like groceries, housing, utilities, health insurance—are affordable	84	86	81	+5
Protecting Social Security and Medicare	74	76	67	+8
Lowering rents and housing costs	68	71	58	+13
Reducing corruption in government	66	68	57	+11
Lowering drug prices for the elderly and low-income people	64	66	53	+13
Protecting subsidies that make health insurance affordable	61	63	68	-5
Raising wages and take-home pay	61	64	54	+9
Protecting Medicaid	57	59	56	+3
Creating jobs	56	56	49	+7
Lowering the crime rate to keep neighborhoods secure	56	59	38	+22
Ensuring that every family has access to affordable childcare	54	53	58	-5
Boosting economic growth	54	53	47	+5
Making college and job training more affordable	52	51	51	-0
Preventing gun violence	52	49	62	-13
Protecting workers from unfair treatment at work	51	50	45	+5
Cracking down on corporate price gouging	50	52	44	+8
Ending racism	49	51	57	-6
Resisting authoritarianism and defending democratic institutions	48	42	75	-33
Ending police misconduct	48	50	45	+5
Raising taxes on the rich	43	42	57	-15
Creating universal pre-K so kids can get early education	39	37	43	-6
Requiring employers to provide paid family leave	39	39	35	+4
Protecting access to abortion	38	37	56	-19
Reining in the power of Big Tech and other large companies	36	33	42	-10
Improving public safety by adding more police	36	38	19	+19
Securing the border	36	39	11	+28
Addressing climate change	34	32	52	-20
Protecting the rights of undocumented immigrants	30	29	42	-13
Protecting the rights of LGBTQ+ Americans	28	24	45	-21
Ending sexism	27	26	29	-2

Race × class

Per-question race×class support is folded directly into each issue table above—the Race × class column band shows White, Black, Latino, and POC (people of color = Black + Latino) respondents, each split into working-class (WC) and liberal-college-grad (Elite) groups. This section covers the complementary head-to-head priority exercise.

Issue priorities by race and class

The same head-to-head priority exercise as above, but with each race split into its working-class (WC) and liberal-college-grad (Elite) respondents. Values are the share of match-ups each priority won within that race×class group; Diff = WC − Elite. Higher = more prioritized. Sorted by White working-class priority.

Policy priority	White WC	White Elite	White diff	Latino WC	Latino Elite	Latino diff	Black WC	Black Elite	Black diff
Ensuring that basics—like groceries, housing, utilities, health insurance—are affordable	86	78	+8	87	80	+7	82	83	-1
Protecting Social Security and Medicare	80	73	+8	68	68	-1	73	58	+15
Reducing corruption in government	71	60	+11	67	49	+18	66	62	+4
Lowering drug prices for the elderly and low-income people	71	48	+23	59	61	-1	62	74	-12
Lowering rents and housing costs	69	55	+14	75	59	+16	71	66	+6
Protecting subsidies that make health insurance affordable	63	68	-5	66	68	-2	62	70	-7
Lowering the crime rate to keep neighborhoods secure	61	32	+29	51	21	+30	63	66	-2
Raising wages and take-home pay	60	52	+8	65	56	+10	70	61	+9
Creating jobs	60	43	+16	51	48	+3	53	60	-7
Protecting Medicaid	59	54	+5	60	70	-10	58	52	+6
Boosting economic growth	57	41	+16	40	54	-14	55	62	-7
Cracking down on corporate price gouging	56	42	+14	55	51	+4	41	42	-0
Securing the border	52	10	+43	25	13	+12	24	9	+15
Ensuring that every family has access to affordable childcare	52	56	-5	56	58	-2	53	56	-3
Protecting workers from unfair treatment at work	48	42	+7	52	56	-5	52	51	+1
Making college and job training more affordable	48	47	+1	52	64	-12	54	52	+1
Preventing gun violence	45	64	-19	54	61	-6	51	59	-8
Improving public safety by adding more police	44	18	+26	34	21	+12	32	19	+12
Ending racism	42	54	-12	51	57	-6	68	66	+2
Ending police misconduct	42	44	-2	51	47	+5	65	48	+18
Raising taxes on the rich	41	59	-18	38	50	-12	43	52	-9
Resisting authoritarianism and defending democratic institutions	41	83	-42	46	68	-22	43	58	-15
Requiring employers to provide paid family leave	39	35	+3	43	26	+16	39	46	-6
Creating universal pre-K so kids can get early education	35	43	-8	38	46	-8	39	47	-9
Reining in the power of Big Tech and other large companies	35	46	-11	36	36	+0	27	30	-4
Protecting access to abortion	34	60	-25	38	54	-16	39	40	-0
Addressing climate change	31	60	-29	36	42	-6	30	42	-12
Ending sexism	25	33	-8	25	17	+8	30	29	+1
Protecting the rights of LGBTQ+ Americans	22	49	-28	27	42	-15	25	27	-2
Protecting the rights of undocumented immigrants	20	43	-23	44	53	-9	32	30	+2

Question wording

Full verbatim text for every question above, including each wording version where the question was randomized. The wordings fall into two camps: a working-class-resonant framing (labeled WC-RESONANT) and not working-class-resonant framings (labeled NOT WC-RESONANT)—comprising the standard survey wording and an abstract, principle- or identity-based wording. Numbered variants (e.g. WC-RESONANT 1, NOT WC-RESONANT 1) are minor splits of the same wording. Each question heading above links here.

Immigration

Q40 Trump gone too far

No frame	Some people say that President Trump has gone too far, with masked men arresting ordinary, hardworking people instead of just deporting criminals. Do you agree or disagree?

Q41 Biden vs Trump immigration

No frame	If you had to choose between President Biden's immigration policies and President Trump's, which would you choose?

Q42 Open doors to immigrants

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We have always been a nation of immigrants, and should allow the poor and persecuted to build a better life in the U.S. as a human rights imperative.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We need to open our doors wide to immigrants because most are working-class faith-and-family people who come here to work hard, pay taxes and contribute to their communities.

Q43 Immigration helps economy

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We need immigration because it raises the GDP, and growing the American economy makes the country richer.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Though immigration may hurt wages in a few industries, a blanket ban is self-defeating because it leaves construction sites without laborers, small businesses without dishwashers, and nursing homes with no one to care for grandma.

Q44 Secure borders + legal status

NOT WC-RESONANT 1	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A just immigration system protects our borders while upholding the human rights of our neighbors and letting them stay in their communities.
NOT WC-RESONANT 2	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A just immigration system protects our borders while upholding the human rights of immigrants and letting them stay in their communities.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We need secure borders but immigrants should be allowed to stay if they have held jobs, paid taxes, contributed to their communities and stayed out of trouble.

Q45 Legal status for long-term immigrants

NOT WC-RESONANT 1	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A just immigration system upholds the human rights of our neighbors and lets them stay in their communities.
NOT WC-RESONANT 2	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A just immigration system upholds the human rights of immigrants and lets them stay in their communities.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Immigrants who have held jobs, paid taxes, contributed to their communities and stayed out of trouble for years should be allowed to stay.

Q46 Rein in/abolish ICE

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We should abolish ICE because it's responsible for causing havoc in the streets, terrorizing American communities, and shooting and beating people with no remorse. ICE cannot be "reformed," only dismantled.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We should rein in and restructure federal immigration enforcement to put an end to masked government agents killing civilians and arresting hardworking immigrants who hold jobs, pay taxes, and contribute to their communities.

LGBTQ+ Rights

Q26 LGBT job/housing protection

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose strengthening civil-rights protections to eliminate discrimination against LGBTQIA+ people in employment and housing?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose making it illegal to fire someone or kick them out of their home because they're transgender?

Q27 Gay/lesbian adoption

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose guaranteeing full family equality and protect the parenting rights of LGBTQIA+ families?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose letting gay and lesbian couples adopt if they can give kids a stable, loving home?

Q28 Trans ID recognition

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor ensuring legal gender recognition for transgender people to affirm their autonomy and dignity?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose letting transgender adults update their driver's licenses and other IDs so their paperwork matches how they live, making it easier to work, travel and take care of business?

Q29 Trans girls in sports

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose protecting the full inclusion of transgender girls and women in sports as a matter of equality and basic human dignity?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose letting coaches and families decide whether it's fair for a child who was born male but lives as a girl to play on girls' teams when the child hasn't gone through male puberty and doesn't have the physical advantages boys typically have?

Q26-alt Gender-Affirming Care

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose prohibiting minors from receiving (reversible) gender-affirming care in the form of medication to address gender dysphoria?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose allowing the government to second-guess parents' decisions about whether their teenage child can take reversible medication to help them live as the gender they feel they are, when doctors say it's needed for the teen's mental health?

Guns

Q36 Universal background checks

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose requiring universal background checks to address the public-health crisis of gun violence?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose requiring background checks for every gun sale so families can send kids to school and know they'll be safe there?

Q37 Ban high-capacity magazines

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose banning high-capacity ammunition magazines for semi-automatic firearms to better protect communities from gun violence?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose banning high-capacity gun magazines that allow semi-automatic guns fire hundreds of rounds a minute--something no one needs for hunting or home defense, but that makes mass shootings far more deadly?

Q38 Red flag laws

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose allowing courts to temporarily remove firearms from individuals with serious mental illness who pose a danger to themselves or others, to prevent tragedies before they happen?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose letting courts temporarily take guns away from people who are clearly a danger because of serious mental illness, while making sure law-abiding people aren't unfairly punished or stripped of their rights?

Q39 Assault weapons ban

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose banning the sale of assault weapons to confront toxic gun culture?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose a law that prohibits the sale of military-style rifles but allows the types of weapons used for hunting and home safety?

Abortion

Q57 Abortion access (any reason)

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose allowing access to abortion for any reason?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose making abortion safe and legal, so women can make the decision that's best for their families without the government second-guessing them?

Q58 Abortion up to 15 weeks

NOT WC-RESONANT 1	Do you favor or oppose allowing people to get abortions for any reason up to 15 weeks of pregnancy but allow abortion after then only to protect the health and safety of the parent and child?
NOT WC-RESONANT 2	Do you favor or oppose allowing people to get abortions for any reason up to 15 weeks of pregnancy but allow abortion after then only to protect the physical safety of the parent and child?
WC-RESONANT 1	Do you favor or oppose allowing women to make decisions about abortion that are best for their families up to 15 weeks of pregnancy, with abortion available after then only to protect the health and safety of the mother and child?
WC-RESONANT 2	Do you favor or oppose allowing women to make decisions about abortion that are best for their families up to 15 weeks of pregnancy, with abortion available after then only to protect the physical safety of the mother and child.

Environment

Q30 100% clean energy by 2050

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose transitioning to a 100% clean energy economy by 2050, eliminating fossil fuels to address the climate crisis?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose transitioning to a 100% clean economy by 2050, replacing fossil fuels with more efficient forms of energy that lower utility bills, create new local jobs, and better protect workers' and communities' health?

Q31 Modern energy system

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose transitioning to a modern, all-electric energy system that would help to stop climate change while also bringing down energy costs and boosting productivity and economic growth?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose rebuilding our energy system to tackle rising energy costs and pollution while growing the economy and creating millions of good jobs in construction, manufacturing, and energy upgrades across the country--"build, baby, build"?

Q32 Clean energy (China framing)

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose transitioning to a modern, all-electric energy system that would help stop climate change, bring down energy costs, boost productivity and economic growth, and ensure the U.S. can compete with China in the industries of the future?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose rebuilding our energy system to tackle rising energy costs and pollution while growing the economy and creating millions of good jobs in construction, manufacturing, and energy upgrades here at home--rather than sending jobs and investments overseas to China--"build, baby, build"?

Q33 Clean power investments

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose major investments in energy efficiency and cleaner power to reduce pollution and address the climate crisis even if this raises the cost of energy a little?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose major investments in clean power to cut pollution and lower utility bills--without disrupting people's daily routines?

Q34 Prioritize marginalized/coal communities

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose prioritizing marginalized people, particularly Black, brown and indigenous communities most affected by climate change?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose prioritizing projects in coal country and working-class communities across the country that would fuel the next generation of economic growth, like large-scale batteries, lower-carbon cement and steel, and carbon-capture infrastructure?

Q35 Rein in Big Oil

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose decisive climate action now to stop Big Oil from externalizing the costs of fossil fuels while pocketing the profits--leaving families, communities, and taxpayers to pay for pollution, disasters, and rising insurance costs?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose reining in out of control corporations who profit from pollution while working people pay the price--families lose their homes to floods and wildfires, home insurance becomes unaffordable, and mechanics are stuck fixing cars in 117-degree heat?

Q59 Clean grid + nuclear + carbon capture

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We must transition to a clean energy grid by installing wind, solar, and batteries across America, connected together with new transmission lines. New technologies like advanced nuclear reactors and carbon capture will also be critical.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To reliably power a growing economy and provide long-lasting jobs across the country, we need modern nuclear energy technologies in addition to renewable energy like wind and solar. Coal communities in particular should be prioritized for repowering coal plants as nuclear plants.

Q60 Wind/solar grid

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We must transition to a clean energy grid by installing wind, solar, and batteries across America, connected together with new transmission lines. We already have the technologies we need; we just need the will to act.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To reliably power a growing economy, we need wind turbines and solar farms across the American landscape, connected together with new transmission lines. Manufacturing their component parts will provide good jobs, and land owners can earn an income from hosting them.

Care Economy

Q54 Affordable childcare

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose a universal system of subsidized childcare?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose ensuring that all children have access to affordable, high-quality child care so parents don't need to quit jobs they need to support their families.

Q55 Universal pre-K

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose universal pre-K?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose universal pre-K, so all children succeed at school while parents return to work to support their families?

Q56 Child tax credit

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose an $8,000 refundable child tax credit per child, which would dramatically cut child poverty? (Parents could claim a maximum of $16,000.)
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose a child care tax credit of $8,000 per child to help hardworking parents pay childcare or other child-related expenses so they can keep their jobs? (Parents could claim a maximum of $16,000.)

Public Safety

Q47 More police in high-crime areas

WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose putting more well-trained officers in high-crime areas and enforcing strict rules so bad cops face consequences?

Q48 Targeted police + violence interrupters

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose combining targeted police action to stop the small group causing most shootings with community programs to address poverty and structural racism that leads to crime?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose focusing police on the small group causing most shootings and funding programs that keep local kids from getting pulled into trouble?

Q49 Mental health responders (not police)

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose shifting funding from police to address mental health needs, rehabilitation, and the root causes of crime, like poverty and racism?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose sending trained specialists instead of police to respond to non-violent calls like mental-health crises, so police can focus on serious crime?

Democracy

Q50 Trump authoritarian/above law

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Donald Trump is an authoritarian who is undermining our democracy and the rule of law.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When Donald Trump puts himself above the law, it leads to corruption that raises costs for working people while he and his rich friends get richer.

Q51 Trump ignores limits on power

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Donald Trump has shown a willingness to ignore constitutional checks and balances and concentrate power in an imperial presidency.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When Donald Trump ignores limits on his power, it creates chaos that hurts workers, small businesses, and family budgets.

Q52 Trump uses govt against critics

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Donald Trump has used state power to retaliate against critics, raising serious concerns about civil liberties and equal treatment under the law.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When Donald Trump uses government power to punish people and businesses he doesn't like, what results is a rigged system where small businesses and workers lose out while Big Business and powerful insiders get special treatment.

Q53 Trump ignores democratic rules

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When Donald Trump ignores democratic rules and norms, it undermines our institutions, erodes public trust, and creates instability that harms the country as a whole.
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When Donald Trump ignores the rules, it's not just politics--it hits your wallet. Prices rise, jobs feel less secure, and it gets harder for working families to keep up.

Baseline (ANES/CES/GSS-style)

Q1 LGBT job discrimination

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose laws to protect gays and lesbians against job discrimination?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose laws that make it illegal to fire someone who works hard and does their job well, just because they are gay or lesbian?

Q2 Gay adoption

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you think gay or lesbian couples should be legally permitted to adopt children?
WC-RESONANT	Do you think gay and lesbian couples who can provide a stable, loving home should be allowed to adopt children?

Q3 Trans athletes (oppose ban)

NOT WC-RESONANT	Several states have considered laws that would ban transgender girls from participating in K-12 girls' sports. Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose such a law?
WC-RESONANT	Several states have considered laws that would allow the government to overrule the decisions of parents and coaches when they allow a child who was born male but lives as a girl to participate in K-12 sports. Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose such a law?

Q5 Environmental regulation

NOT WC-RESONANT	Where would you place yourself on a scale from 1 to 7? 1 = We need much tougher government regulations on business to protect the environment. 7 = Current regulations are already too much of a burden on business.
WC-RESONANT	Where would you place yourself on a scale from 1 to 7? 1 = We need to protect people's health and homes against greed of corporate polluters. 7 = Current regulations are already too much of a burden on business.

Q6 Background checks

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose background checks for gun purchases?
WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose requiring a background check for gun purchases, so criminals can't get weapons and families stay safe?

Q7 Assault rifle ban

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose banning assault rifles?
WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose banning the sale of military-style rifles, while keeping regular hunting and home-defense guns legal?

Q8 Police permit for guns

NOT WC-RESONANT	Would you favor or oppose a law which would require a person to obtain a police permit before he or she could buy a gun?
WC-RESONANT	Would you favor or oppose a law which would require a person to obtain a police permit before he or she could buy a gun, so criminals and abusers don't get guns but guns remain available for hunters and home safety?

Q9 Path to citizenship

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose, providing a path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants who obey the law, pay a fine, and pass security checks?

Q10 Border security (oppose)

NOT WC-RESONANT	Should federal spending on tightening border security to prevent illegal immigration be increased, decreased, or kept the same?

Q12 Paid parental leave

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose requiring employers to offer paid leave to parents of new children?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose requiring employers to offer paid leave so new parents can care for a newborn without losing their paycheck or their job?

Q13 Raise minimum wage

NOT WC-RESONANT	Should the federal minimum wage be raised, kept the same, lowered but not eliminated, or eliminated altogether?
WC-RESONANT	Should the federal minimum wage be raised so that people who work full-time can afford basic necessities like rent, groceries and utilities, or should it be kept the same, lowered, or eliminated?

Q14 Infrastructure spending

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose spending about $150 billion a year for eight years on construction and repair of roads and bridges, rail, public transit, airports, water systems, broadband internet, and the electric grid?
WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose spending about $150 billion a year to rebuild roads, bridges, and infrastructure, creating good-paying jobs, making communities safer, and commuting more reliable?

Q16 Free trade (oppose)

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose free trade agreements?
WC-RESONANT	Do you favor or oppose free trade agreements that make it easier for companies to move jobs overseas?

Q18 Tax millionaires

NOT WC-RESONANT	How much do you favor or oppose increasing income taxes on people making over one million dollars per year?
WC-RESONANT	How much do you favor or oppose increasing income taxes on people making over one million dollars per year? This tax would help fund services that working Americans rely on, including Social Security, federal highways, and the U.S. military.

Q20 Expand Medicaid

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose expanding Medicaid to cover individuals making less than $25,000 and families making less than $40,000 a year?
WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose expanding Medicaid so low-income workers and families can get health coverage without going into debt?

Q21 Corporate tax

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose raising the corporate income tax rate from 21 percent to 28 percent?
WC-RESONANT	Do you support or oppose raising taxes on large corporations so they contribute more to public services and programs Americans rely on?

Q23 Medical bill help

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you think it is the responsibility of the federal government to help people pay for doctors and hospital bills, or not?
WC-RESONANT	Do you agree or disagree that the federal government should help people cover the cost of medical bills, so people don't go bankrupt if they have steep healthcare expenses?

Q24 Social Security spending

NOT WC-RESONANT	Do you think federal spending on Social Security should be increased, kept the same, or decreased?
WC-RESONANT	Do you think federal spending on Social Security--which all working people pay into and many retirees rely on to get by--should be increased, kept the same, or decreased?

Q25 Universal basic income

NOT WC-RESONANT	Would you favor or oppose the federal government providing a guaranteed income, sometimes called a universal basic income, of about $1,000 per month for all adults, whether or not they work?
WC-RESONANT	Would you favor or oppose the federal government providing a guaranteed income of about $1,000 per month for all adults so that families struggling with job loss due to offshoring, artificial intelligence or other reasons can pay their bills and keep a roof over their families' heads.

Comparison survey sources

Throughout the report, the 2026 Class Gaps Poll is compared against a large set of pre-existing national surveys. This is the full list those comparisons draw on—the academic benchmark series (ANES, CES/CCES, GSS) plus prior public-opinion polling. All are publicly documented national surveys; the report uses only their published/derived aggregate results (no respondent-level data is redistributed here).

Survey	Year / wave	Organization
ANES Time Series	2024	American National Election Studies (U. Michigan / Stanford)
Cooperative Election Study (CES / CCES) Common Content	2024	Harvard / YouGov
General Social Survey (GSS)	2024	NORC at the University of Chicago
Pew American Trends Panel (ATP)—Waves 120, 125, 128, 129, 140, 146, 149, 151	2022–2024	Pew Research Center
AP VoteCast 2024 General Election	2024	AP-NORC / NORC at the University of Chicago
AP-NORC Center omnibus surveys	Jun, Aug, Dec 2023; Mar, Apr, Oct 2024; Jan 2025	AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research
AP-NORC EPIC (Energy Policy Institute at Chicago)	2024	AP-NORC / EPIC at the University of Chicago
Gallup Poll Social Series (GPSS)	Jan & Mar 2025 extracts	Gallup
PRRI American Values Survey (AVS)	2023	Public Religion Research Institute
Yale Climate Change in the American Mind (CCAM)	Dec. 2024 (series 2008–2024)	Yale Program on Climate Change Communication
Axios-Ipsos American Health Index, Wave 1 (AHI)	Feb 2023	Ipsos (via Roper Center, Cornell)
“Public Ranks Inflation as the Most Important Issue” survey (SSRS)	Jul 2023	SSRS (via Roper Center, Cornell)
KFF Health Tracking Poll	Sep 2024	KFF / SSRS (via Roper Center, Cornell)

“Wave” numbers (Pew ATP) and field dates (AP-NORC) identify the specific edition of a repeated survey. Items from these sources enter the report only as aggregate, progressive-coded support percentages for benchmarking the Class Gaps Poll; they are not part of its weighting or sample.

Notes & caveats

Support percentages in the issue cross-tabs are survey-weighted; the n shown when you hover a cell is the unweighted number of respondents behind it.
“Progressive” support means each question is oriented so a higher % is the more progressive/left-leaning position—for example, on border security the counted response is opposing an increase in spending.
A few questions are reported here but are not part of the report’s aggregate issue figures: “Trump has gone too far” (Q40) and “Biden vs. Trump on immigration” (Q41) are not policy-support questions—one is an agree/disagree about the current administration and the other a head-to-head choice between two presidents—so they are not comparable with the issue-support items; “Open our doors to immigrants” (Q42) and “Immigration helps the economy” (Q43) are set aside because, on review, their working-class-resonant wordings inadvertently contained elements that undercut their working-class appeal, which makes them invalid treatments for measuring the effect of working-class framing; and “Nuclear energy” (Q59) and “Renewables” (Q60) belong to a separate supplemental energy battery rather than the core climate questions.
Subgroup cells based on very few respondents (for example, interactions involving the oversamples) are noisy—treat single- or low-double-digit cells with caution.
Race/ethnicity is mutually exclusive, but it is coded two different ways. The all-respondent Race / ethnicity cross-tab uses the single-select race question together with the separate Hispanic-origin item, assigned in priority order: Hispanic/Latino (of any race) first, then non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian, then Other/multiple. The per-question race × class band instead uses the multi-select race self-identification checkboxes—exactly as the report’s Section 6 does—in the order Latino, then Black, then White, then Other: anyone selecting Latino is counted as Latino regardless of race, and a respondent selecting both Black and White is counted as Black. The two schemes therefore do not partition the sample identically.
Non-Hispanic Asian respondents are part of the sample but are not shown as a cross-tab column, because the subgroup is too small for reliable issue-by-issue estimates. They appear in the sample-composition table (n = 217 unweighted, 4.9% weighted) and form a category of their own rather than being folded into “Other/multiple”—so the four race columns shown in the issue tables cover 5,553 of the 5,770 respondents rather than the full sample. In the race × class band they fall into “Other”, which is likewise not displayed.